On successful completion of this subject, students should be able to:

1. Assess patients for suitability for administration of local anaesthetics, including medical, psychological or any other contraindications and describe the possible adverse effects of administration of local anaesthetics.
2. Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the medico-legal requirements relevant to performing invasive procedures and understand and undertake the procedures to obtain voluntary consent.
3. Discuss knowledge of pharmacology to explain the mode of action of local anaesthetics.
4. Demonstrate the acquisition of the practical skills required for the safe and efficient administration of local anaesthetic agents by injection to those structures distal to the knee.
5. Demonstrate upgraded and continuous development in the theoretical and practical knowledge of resuscitation techniques.
6. Recognise the legal requirements relating to the control, supply and application of local anaesthetic drugs within the state of New South Wales, and Australia.
7. Demonstrate a theoretical understanding and practical competence in the principles of theatre protocol.
8. Recognise and select through a range of investigative procedures those patients with conditions requiring surgical intervention and/or referral.
9. Actively participate and demonstrate competence in those surgical procedures relating to the nail and skin integuments and appreciate through observation and limited participation, the indications for, and procedures involved in, a range of other surgical procedures of the foot and ankle.
10. Appreciate the consequences of a range of orthopaedic surgical procedures of the lower limb and plan, implement and evaluate post surgical management, with particular reference to pharmacological therapy, orthotic therapy and physical therapies.

1. Regional Anaesthesia
- theories related to The aetiology and pathophysiology
- Review of The Pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents, including The history, Classification, Chemical structure, and commercial preparations
- Review The Anatomy of The Nerve fibre and The conduction of The Nerve impulse
- Review The anatomical considerations of Nerve and blood Supply to The Lower limb
- Review and explore in greater depth The mechanism of action of local anaesthetics
- absorption and Disposition of local anaesthetic agents
Examine the procedures necessary for the preparation of the patient, including the clinical indications, contraindications and special precautions for the use of local anaesthetics
Calculation of safe maximum dosages
Toxic and side effects of local anaesthetic agents, including overdose, allergic reactions and psychogenic reactions
Recognition and treatment of adverse reactions
Medico-legal considerations and implications, including documentation, consent and laws relating to the distribution, supply and use of restricted substances
Theory and practice of techniques and sites of administration; dorsal and plantar infiltration, digital block, field block (Mayo) and ankle block
2. Procedures for surgery
- Medico-legal requirements (informed consent, duty of care and documentation)
- Biological safety (Review of definitions and terms, Rules governing sterility and Operating room Protocol)
- Pre-operative review (systems review, vascular assessment and diagnosis
- Phenolisation technique for partial and total nail avulsion and The properties of phenol
- Complications of Phenolisation procedures
- Incisional techniques for partial and total nail avulsion
- Indications for Incisional techniques
- Blunt dissection /curettage for verrucae
- skin biopsy techniques
- use of LASER in foot surgery
3. Introduction to orthopaedics
- Orthopaedic terminology and equipment
- Wound and bone healing
4. Other surgery
- soft tissue (skin plasty, neuroma surgery, tendon lengthening)
- digital surgery (neuroma Sequential release)
- Bunion surgery (aims, mechanisms and mechanical effects of hallux valgus surgery; x-ray evaluation of bunions and procedures - Austin, Keller, closing base, Akin, Reverdin, Green-Waterman)
- hallux rigidus (application of primary surgical principles, silastic implants and fusion of The first metatarsophalangeal joint)
- Other metatarsal surgery (plantar condylectomy, pan-metatarsal head resection and fifth metatarsal surgery)
- Midfoot procedures (Lisfranc articulation surgery, posterior tibial dysfunction, tarsal coalition and talipes equino varus)
- Common rearfoot procedures (heel surgery, triple arthrodesis, ankle reconstruction
5. Related topics
- Fracture management
- Jones compression dressings
- Below knee casting
- post-operative Complications, e.g. pain and infection
- chronic Regional pain sydnrome