In 2023 this subject is replaced by HUMN 6001 Transnational Crime and Human Security Threat. In traditional criminology crimes have been understood as acts that breach the criminal code of a given nation state. By contrast, transnational crimes are defined as violations of law that embrace more than one nation in their planning, operation or impact. These crimes often have a much broader (though often veiled) relation to serious individual and collective social harm and can be especially difficult to prevent or investigate and prosecute. Students will be expected to understand the global and regional developments that foster transnational crime, its range and security impacts, and international agreements and conventions as well the new forms of policing developed to counter it.